"Under constant attack from barbarian tribes, the Romans had been forced to recall their armies from Western Europe to defend Rome. As the Romans left, many of their practices fell into disuse – the Roman Empire had come to an end. People in Europe returned to a more tribal, agrarian existence and the Romans knowledge of public health declined. Europe was entering the "Dark Ages, or Early Middle Ages".
This period, from about 400–1000 AD, when there was no Roman emperor in the West, was marked by an economic and scientific deterioration in Western Europe with frequent warfare and a virtual disappearance of urban life. England became divided into seven self-ruled kingdoms, Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, West Anglia (or Mercia) and Northumbria.
By the end of the 5th century, London was largely an uninhabited ruin. And it was not until 871 AD that Alfred the Great became the first king to rule all of England returning to London (circa 886) to make it habitable once more. Although, progress was stagnating to a certain extent during this period, there were still some great minds exploring the universe and trying to find answers. In Europe, although many books had been destroyed or scattered throughout the land, Irish monks were producing beautiful, vibrant illuminated manuscripts. In England, the Venerable Bede (672- 735 AD) was meticulously recording the Saxon Era during a time of raids from the fierce Northmen, bringing terror with their dragon-boats…"
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