"China may not be a direct player in the war in the Middle East, but it is an indirect force shaping the strategic environment in which the conflict is unfolding. Beijing's intelligence capabilities, military support to Iran, strategic partnerships, and expanding regional presence give it multiple ways to influence the conflict without directly entering the battlefield.
Beijing has demonstrated a preference for creating strategic leverage while avoiding the costs and risks associated with direct military confrontation. As a rising global power that justifies its strategic outlook in its past as both empire and exploited, Beijing takes its international image seriously and limits the reputational consequences while pursuing its strategic interests.
Beijing has provided Iran with economic, technological, and dual-use support, helping Tehran mitigate sanctions and sustain its military-industrial capability. Chinese private firms have provided technology related to satellite imagery, surveillance, navigation, and electronic warfare. Forensic analysis shows Iran incorporates Chinese components, including sensors, semiconductors, voltage converters, and engines, in Iranian drones, and Beijing has given Iran access to its BeiDou satellite-navigation system. Chinese-linked supplies have included materials used in missile production, while Iran reportedly has sought Chinese-made MANPADS, including QW-12 and FN-16 systems…"
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