Being a former Infantryman for over a decade in my long past youth. I'll try to provide you with some answers …
1) No, the barrel is not too short, because of the bullpup design. Trying to make a weapon shorter/smaller is always somethings Small Arms designers hope to do. Making it easier for troops to move thru closed terrain, get in & out of vehicles, etc. Along with achieving all that, they don't want to reduce effectiveness. So like with AFV designs it is a "balancing act" Note : a .50 cal round is very large. Making a rifle that will fire it effectively is one of the designers'priorities.
As well as making it light enough for the Infantryman to carry a long distance for an extended period of time
Note: an M2 .50 cal HMG with barrel/receiver, tripod & T&E weights @ 128lbs. It normally would take 3 men to carry and only a short distance. Plus the troops that have to carry the ammo, which also is very heavy. E.g. We usually left our .50 cal MGs mounted on our vehicles. We only ever dismounted them and dug them in if we were going to set up a Deliberate Defense.
2.Obviously AFVs today are very much different from WWII's. The WWII AT Rifle was generally a situation of better than not having an AT weapon. For the infantry to carry in the early stages of WWII. Until about mid-War with weapons like the PIAT, Panzefaust, Bazooka, etc.
In early WWII the armor on many AFVs were thin enough for a big AT rd. to do some damage generally. But as the war progressed AFVs got bigger, armor got thicker, etc., etc.
In early WWII the Infantryman, even with an AT rifle in his Sqd. Would get better protection from AFVs with friendly towed AT guns and/or actual tank and/or assault gun support.
Also today with the tech we have in optics, ballistic, etc. a .50 cal Sniper rifle also called an Anti-Material Rifle.
As it can not only service personnel targets effectively at very long ranges. I.e. a .50 cal rd. will go further than a .30 cal rd., obviously.
But also a .50 cal round will take out light vehicles very effectively, again at a long range.
Hope that helps ?