"The Educational Network in Rome during the ...." Topic

…Napoleonic Years..

Of possible interest?

PDF link

Hope you enjoy!

Amicalement
Armand

Interesting paper.

The French were attempting to bring the former Papal States out of the middle ages with much needed reforms.

The Papal States had the last Jewish Ghetto in Europe and the Inquisition (it wasn't limited to Spain). Education is one way out of a mess such as that in the Papal States.

Unfortunately, after Napoleon's fall, the Papal States were returned to the Pope, ecclesiastical rule was restored, as was the Inquisition and the Jewish Ghetto-well done to the Congress of Vienna.

You are right Kevin.

A lost chance…

Amicalement
Armand

The French reforms are usually overlooked, especially when those who wish to condemn Napoleon for whatever reason post their opinions, usually not supported by factual material from credible sources.

Ecclesiastical rule by the Pope was generally corrupt and he should tend to business with the Church and not to attempt to rule autocratically. The Papal States in 1789 and before were an anachronism left over from a long-gone age and the oppression of the Jews in the Papal States goes against everything the Roman Catholic Church preached.

And I have no problem with the French kidnapping of the Pope from Rome and installing him elsewhere. He was a terrible temporal head of state.